![]() Further, when neither drug nor non-drug cue predicted a win, pTUD updated more towards the drug cue being relevant predictors of that win. We found that pTUD updated less towards learning the drug cue’s relevance in predicting a loss. We show that compared to controls, people with a tobacco use disorder (pTUD), do form misaligned internal representations. Here we used a multi-cue reversal learning task, with reversals in whether drug or non-drug cues are currently relevant in predicting the outcome (monetary win or loss). However, these hypotheses need to be empirically tested. We also argue that conversely, non-drug cues are misattributed as weak predictors of positive outcomes, but stronger predictors of negative outcomes. We recently proposed a salience misattribution model for addiction (SMMA Kalhan et al., ( 2021)), arguing that pSUD have aberrations in their updating processes where drug cues are misattributed as strong predictors of positive outcomes, but weaker predictors of negative outcomes. People with a substance use disorder (pSUD) show maladaptive behaviours with high persistence in drug-taking, despite severe negative consequences. Sign up for our annual membership that includes 365 days of accessing online, printable study guides and online flip cards.Adaptive behaviours depend on dynamically updating internal representations of the world based on the ever-changing environmental contingencies.
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